7.3 Questions

1. erosion, transportation and deposition
2. wave refraction causes the wave to be concentrated in particular areas and less intense in others.
3.

4. headlands. they are shaped by hydraulic action, corrasion and corrosion
5. Hydraulic action - waves enter the cracks in the rocks and air is compressed into the cracks by the force of the wave. as the air is compressed it acts to erode rock.
Corrasion - the wave action moves rock and other material across the rock shelf and wear away the rock in an abrasive fashion
Corrosion - when waves break they wet the rocks, as the rock dries the salt in the sea water crystallises and acts on the minerals in the rock to erode material

7.2 Questions

1. ripples, fully developed seas, swells
2. the fetch is the length of where the waves form
3. as the waves form it hits the sea floor which causes them to break
4.

5.

6. spilling waves crumble up the top, plunging waves form a tube and you can get pitted, surging waves don't break and they just roll up the sea floor
7. wind swell is marked by a short wavelength and high frequency f waves hitting the beach and a ground swell forms when waves have traveled across a greater distance of ocean before hitting the coast. a ground swell has longer wavelength and the waves hit the beach less frequently

8.This is a synoptic chart of Cyclone Wati which struck the Sydney coast on 27th March 2006

9. there are 3 types of waves, a plunging wave, spilling wave and surging waves. a plunging wave makes a tube, a spilling wave 'crumbles' at its peak and a surging wave roll up the steep of the surface rather than breaking over it
10. Today, large swells hit our beach as I was patrolling it. It was like something out of a history book as large swells smashed into the rocks and rocked surfers around like they were just clothes in a washing machine. Luckily there were no deaths but many injuries mainly head injuries which were the result of this large cyclone swell. Obviously, we closed the beach but this didn't stop the sightseers and photographers to take record breaking shots of the swells. Today was a day to never forget.

Cribbar Waves

The Cribbar, also known as the Widow Maker, a name given to it after leaving many surfers injured after falling from their surfboards as they surfed these enormous waves, is a reef off the coast of sunny Cornwall, United Kingdom. The Cribbar is best known for its big waves that attract big wave surfers from across the world.

The waves won't break unless there's at least a 6-8ft swell and it can hold waves in the 25ft+ range. These waves are undoubtedly big but lose speed and power as they approach the shore, which leaves them behind other big waves around the world. These Cribbar waves were first surfed by American surfer Jack Lydgate in 1966.

Jack Lydgate Surfing a Cribbar Wave

The Science of Big Waves

Pre-viewing Questions


1. Where do ocean waves come from? What gets them started?
They come from winds turning the water into ripples and then into small waves and eventually getting bigger. waves come from out in the ocean and they travel a lot to get to the beach

2. What do you think a surfer should know about waves before they try and ride a wave while surfing?
that the waves can get really big and they can travel really fast. they can get as high up to a 4 story building and as fast as 60 km/h


Questions From the Video


1. Observe all the waves that you see and describe how they form and break. Use as many words found in the segment for you descriptions.

2. Describe how waves are formed, how they originate, and how they are measured?
waves are formed by the wind hitting the water making ripples, the starting point of a wave, and then they get bigger and bigger over kilometers of ocean to the beach. people measure the wave height and the wave length.

3. What is a maverick wave and what is special about the way it is formed?
a maverick is a big wave, like a really big wave and has a massive amount of energy in it and gets a lot of height as it hits the coast.

4. How is energy stored and transferred during wave?
the wave stores the energy in the actual wave and it is transferred into the wave height.

5. List any kind of advice given by the surfers about how to survive these “big waves.”
Respect the wave and its power as it is deadly, attempt with extreme caution and get in and get out.

7.2 definitions

ground swell - that has created a permanent, long-lasting shift in the way the world works.

plunging waves - A plunging wave occurs when the swell comes out of deep water and hits a shallow sandbar or reef

wave height - The difference between the crest and the trough

wavelength - The difference between two crests

fetch - To go and bring back

surf and swash zone - The area where the shore meets the first wave breaking

7.1 definitions

breakwaters - a barrier that breaks the force of waves, as before a harbor.

silting - A sedimentary material consisting of very fine particles intermediate in size between sand and clay

tidal flushing - the movement of water in and out of a water body due, in part, to tidal reason

sea change - when over development and rapid growth of coastal areas occur due to the current Australian trend for people to move from large cities to smaller coastal towns and villages where the lifestyle is more relaxed

urban stormwater - runoff and polluted runoff.

dredging - Dredging is an excavation activity or operation usually carried out at least partly underwater, in shallow seas or fresh water areas

introduced plants - Many non-native plants have been introduced into new territories.

Q1. The pressure of urban development along the coastline has caused a range of geogrpahical issues involving various groups. Residents, tourists and commercial - related activities all need to be managed by geographers so that the development of the coastline is sustainable.

Q2. A sustainable development for the coastline is recommended so the population growth and pollution can be managed.

Q3. Over development and rapid growth of coastal areas occur due to the current Australian trend for people to move from large cities to smaller coastal towns and villages where the lifestyle is more relaxed, and this is known as 'sea change'.

Q4. One government response to sea change is the residential caps they have put in place so the sea areas do not get over populated.

Q5. The four areas I have chosen to analyse are the following; introduced plants, inappropriate development, coastal rivers + lagoons and pollution. Firstly, introduced plants. In 1908 South African a plant to create sand dunes in Australia. The problem was that this plant killed all surrounding native flora.

Secondly the inappropriate development, many people have the dream of owning a beach house, that is why there is such a demand for beach estates. As a result poorly planned, overpopulated beach apartments have been created.

Thirdly, Coastal river entrances. River entrances along the coast are prone to silting up as a result of both natural and human actions.

Lastly, Pollution. Pollution from urban developments along the coastline is altering coastal ecosystems.

Q6.The geographers are the developers of these management solutions for the issues plaguing our coastal environments.

Q7. My name is Lukas de Vries and I have just moved into the new beach front apartments on the coast. I have loved my time here and love the view, but that was what I wanted to talk about, the view. I have seen the people in town look at my apartment blocks with anger and frustration, I realized that they feel as if these apartments should not be here and unfortunately I feel the same way. I find two problems with these apartments, the risks of living so close to the beach with global warming and seas rising, also the surface these buildings are over. If they are so close to the beach, they cannot be stable. I would very much appreciate it if you would post my comments in your next addition of your morning paper. Kind regards, Lukas.

Page 109

1. Rural decline occurs when people from rural areas move into urban areas and leave the rural areas with less population
2. Gulargambone is a small town north of Dubbo, halfway between Gilgandra and Coonamble. It lies in the Coonamble Shire Council area. It has extremes of heat in the summer, up to 45 degrees, and extreme cold in winter, around -5 degrees.
3. - The atmosphere is very dry and humid.
- The hydrosphere is also very dry, getting little rain.
- The Lithosphere of the town is pretty good. Although the town is usually dry it lies next
to a river which is also usually dry but flows underground.
4. Blocks of land allocated to veterans.
5. Gulargambone Cypress timber mill, Sheep wool, beef cattle and the production of cereal crops and oilseeds
7. 477 people lived in the town. 1072 live in farms and property around it.
8. The Community Development Employment Program
B) i - north-west
ii - north
iii - west-north-west
9. a) i - 148 degrees 16 minutes East, 31 degrees 17 minutes South
ii - 148 degrees 16 minutes East, 31 degrees 23 minutes South
iii - 148 degrees 22.5 minutes East, 21 degrees 14.5 South
d) i -
ii -

Mapping Skills

1. 0.75 %
2. 60 million
3. Africa
4. male - 2.3 million
female - 2 million
5. male - 1.8 million
female - 1.7 million
6. because the death rate in Ethiopia would be a lot more earlier than in Italy thus meaning more young people in Ethiopia
7. dicks hill
8. camden haven
9. 10 meters
10. wet swamp
11. 1.1 km
12. GR830000
13. laurienton 79 meters. GR848987

Go Back to Where you Came From Reflection

1. My initial reaction to the show was shocked because i didn't know half of the stuff they said on the show. Also I was shocked because so many people fled their country to come to Australia or another country and the fact that there are so many people out there that aren't treated properly and treated like rats also shocked me.
2. 6003
3. we have to look after them using tax payers money. It takes a lot to keep them safe when rescue
18th
4. Most Australians believe that we should help anyone in need
we have the same
5. 11 countries
6. It is important because most refugees are in Malaysia waiting to flee to Australia. This means for the refugees that they could be deported back to their country

Australia's Population

What is demography?
The study of statistics such as births, deaths, income, or the incidence of disease, which illustrate the changing structure of human populations.

In what year did the Australian population reach 20 million? How quickly is the population growing?
December 4, Nov 2003. The world's current growth rate is about 1.3%, representing a doubling time of 54 years.

How many Aboriginal people are estimated to have lived in Australia before Europeans arrived?
estimated to have been at least 315 000.

What the two main ways the population can grow? What percentage of the population growth in 2010 can be attributed to each way?
overseas migration - 53% and more births than deaths - 47%

What is the total fertility rate for 2010?
1.78

What was the total fertility rate for Australia in 1935? How does this compare to other years? Why do you think that it compares this way?
2.1. from 1935 it went up to about 3.5 in the early 1960's and then it has gone down ever since because of the great depression.

What is the trend in the fertility rate for Australia since 1950?
overall declining and now its on a little plateau

What is the average size of a family in Australia? How does that compare to the US?
in 2010 the average size family is about 2.6 persons per household. the United States have the same average family size of 2.6 persons per household.

Are we a Racist Nation

Who is the author and what is his job title?
Graeme Innes, race discrimination commissioner

Who does he work for and what is supposed to do in this job?
Australian Government. The Race Discrimination Commissioner's role is established under the Racial Discrimination Act 1975. Part of his/her role is to promote an understanding and acceptance of, and compliance with, the Act. The Commissioner also prepares guidelines for the avoidance of breach of the Act. Complaints about racial discrimination should be directed to the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission (refer to separate record).

What does the author say is often the beginning of a racist comment? Have you every heard anyone use this line to say something racist? If so, what did they say?
''I'm not racist, but . . .'' no

What percent of Australians are born overseas or have an overseas parent?
50 per cent of Australians are born overseas or have an overseas-born parent

What is a 'monoculture'?
one culture

What are some welcome benefits of online technology?
social communication, work etc.

What are some unwelcome results of online social media?
cyber bullying and hacking

What makes racism online so dangerous?
you can do it on anonymous and can lead to suicide

What will help stop racism online?
sensors, so if you say something racist you get booting or in trouble

What does the author suggest we need to do to stop racism?
"We need to act together, without delay, to eradicate racism and racial inequality in all of its forms - to find a solution. This is a real zero-tolerance approach, not a ''zero-acknowledgment'' approach."

geo project REPORT

1. - david has completed his work on time with plenty of time to spare
- tom has competed his work at a high standard and on time

2. - david has communicated with our group well
- tom has also communicated with our group well

3. - david has produced a good quality of work
- tom has produced a really good quality of work with arrows and youtube videos in his map

what we have done

1. el nino world map completed - Lukas
2. la nina world map started not completed - Lukas
3. la nina australia map started but not complete - Tom
4. el nino australia map not started yet
5. el nino fact sheet started but not complete - David
6. la nina fact sheet started but not complete - David

exam prep

1. 1032 hPa
2. The Western side of Australia is experiencing rain
3. 37,0 S 141 E
4. New Zealand’s wind is a lot faster than Australia as the lines are closer
5. May
6. Northern hemisphere
7. July and August
8. 100 mm 27.5 degrees
9.14 degrees north, near the equator becuse it has tropical weather (rains in summer) 

2.5

1. A violent storm, often of vast extent, characterized by high winds rotating about a calm center of low atmospheric pressure. This center moves onward, often with a velocity of twenty or thirty miles an hour.

2. near the equator

3. northern Australia

4.

5. central cyclones

6. tropical cyclones develop in the tropical regions of the world. Heat from the sun causes warm, moist air to rise into the atmosphere. As the air rises, a low pressure system forms and condensation occurs, which releases latent heat causing the air to rise further into the atmosphere. If the air pressure in the upper atmosphere is high, then the rising column of warm air will spiral outwards in the upper atmosphere and air will rush from the surface to replace it, forming a tropical cyclone 

2.4

1. a flood is caused when water inundates land which is normally dry.

2. flash flooding is when small rivers and streams are unable to cope with the sudden volume of water caused by heavy downpours so flooding results.

3. inland rivers are more subjective to floods because they have “walls” so fill up and coastle rivers tend to be short and fast flowing so it takes less time for the flooding to go away

4. destroys crops, damages buildings and towns have to be evacuated

5. more rain, more water, went for longer, higher flood height

6. economic – businesses had to evacuated and couldn’t make money, social – people would’ve died, environmental – the land would’ve changed due to the amount of water on the land.

7. a) 1000 km and 100 km
    b) 900 km
    c) because the water has somewhere to go in coastal rivers but inland rivers have nowhere to go 

2.3

1. hail with a diameter of 2 cm or more, wind gusts of 90 km per hour or more, flash flooding and tornadoes

2. lightning strikes

3. warm humid air that is pushed up into the atmosphere by converging surface winds

4. when the air rises the moisture and then condense releasing heat energy

5. when the water freezes forming ice crystals potentially making hail

6. they are most likely to form in the clouds

7. the bureau of meteorology

8. because they can form in minutes and form faster than we can predict it.

9. a) 13 November 2006
    b) Sydney, Newcastle and Wollongong
    c) 2:10
    d) get to a safe place

2.8

1. a)     i) 1016
            ii) 1010
            iii) 1018
            iv) 1022
    b) Adelaide
    c)

todays weather - 4/5/11

partly cloudy with a small chance of rain. about 20 degrees. wind is blowing from south-west which means cold winds will be blowing. stratus clouds. 60-70% humidity. 40% chance of rain

S

US Storms

•       178 dead

o   Alabama 128 dead, risen from 61 before

o   Mississippi 32 dead

o   Georgia 11 dead

o   Virginia 1 dead

•      The National Weather Service (NWS) had preliminary reports of more than 300 tornadoes since storms began on Friday, including more than 130 on Wednesday alone.
•       450 mm of rain fell from Sunday to Tuesday
•             $75 million dollars in Georgia of damage
•            Winds of 175 miles per hour

2.2

1. a landslide is the movement of a mass of rock or sections of the Earth’s crust under the force of gravity.

2. heavy rainfall saturating the soil, vibrations from earthquakes and undercutting of banks and cliffs from waves or rivers.

3. construction of roads and railways on hillsides along with building works can weaken hillsides and make them more vulnerable during heavy rainfall.

4. earthquakes are intra-plate tension where movements occur along cracks and faults in the Earth’s crust. The force is measured on the Richter scale

5. intra-plate tension when movements occur along cracks and faults in the Earth's crust

6. once each 15 months

7. improved building codes and practices, and closer monitoring of seismic activity.

8. a landslide is movement on top of the Earth’s crust and an earthquake is movement under the Earth’s crust

9. a tsunami is the movement of the ocean bottom displaces water on the surface, forming a tsunami which moves outwards in all directions from the centre of the disturbace.

10. earthquake, landslide or volcano

11. first sudden shifting of the continental plates causes earthquakes, forcing sea water above to rise forming race. Then waves move rapidly in deep ocean reaching speeds of 800 kph. As the waves near land they slow to about 45 kph but are squeezed upwards, increasing in height. The waves start to head inland and destroy anything in their paths.

 

12. shake, drop and roar

13. the indo-Australian plate was sliding under the Eurasion plate

14. 23, 20 minutes

15. the wave slowed down to 100 kph and surged inland causing destruction to coastal communities.

16. they coordinated the development of a tsunami warning system for the indian ocean.

17. he is a Wollongong university geoscience professor, he has warned that tsunamis triggered by New Zealand’s alpine fault line could strike NSW as often as once every 500 years.

18.          a) 15 N, 100 E

               b)              i) 2hours

                                ii) 7 hours

                                iii) 5 hours

                                iv) 9 and a half hours

19. in december 1989 the community of newcastle was struck by an earthquake tat measured 5.6 on the richter scale, killing 13people and injuring more than 120. it also impacted on buildings, with 35,000 homes and 3,000 other buildings being moderately to seriously damaged in newcaslte, and a total of 70,000 buildings in the region sustaning minor damage. This is extremely devastating as alot of people has gotten hurt or even dead. also alot of people have no homes to go to and dont know what to do.
20.

My Tsunami sign

Google's Tsunami Sign

Natural Hazard Research Task - Earthquakes

Social impacts –

1.      1.   Stress placed on families and people of losing people close to you

2.         2.    The destruction of schools, this will stop children and teenagers to going to school

3.         3.  Destruction of hospitals will make any bad injuries unhealable

4.         4.  he worries of finding another job because your old job got destroyed by the earthquake

5.         5.  Homelessness. You need to find people shelter

Insurance Companies –

During and after an earthquake insurance companies will need to pay insurance to pay for the damage of the earthquake. They also need to reassess the rates of the insurance so they will probably go up. Also they will need to go to the houses and assess the damage of the house and decide whether that the house is insured for the amount of damage. They will also need to go to the houses and see how the land is and see if it is safe enough to live in and if it’s not they will not insure them.

2.1

1. a natural disaster is the effect on a natural hazard

2. a natural disaster is the effect the natural hazard makes

3. those related to weather and climate factors and those related to movements in the earth’s crust

4. cat. 1 – drought, flood, heatwaves, bushfires, strong winds, storms, tropical cyclones and tornadoes
    cat. 2 – landslides, earth tremors, earthquakes and tsunamis

5. because more people are affected

6. less money  to spend locally and costing farmers thousands of dollars through the loos of crops

7. social impacts (loss of life), economic impacts (damage to industry), environmental impacts (death and injury of wildlife)

8. more of the Australian continent is settled exposing communities to greater range of treats

9. it provides valuable information to various organisations and communities as they plan to deal with the impacts of natural hazards

10. a) tropical cyclone, flood and bushfire
       b) heatwaves

11. a) you can see what will cost more
      b)you can get ready for it
      c) you can prepare for damage
      d) you can prepare for paying insureance

1.10

1. Resources are any materials that can be used by humans

2. (i) Renewable sources are resources that can be reproduced in a lifetime

    (ii) Non-renewable sources are resources that cannot be reproduced in a life time

3. Renewable source can become non-renewable through over-exploitation

4. Soil is a valuable resource because it is the basis for Australia’s successful agricultural industries

5. Silviculture is the control of growth

6. The area of forest in Australia is 1.7 million square kilometres

7. Australia’s fishing and aquaculture industries are worth more than $2 billion annually

8. The Australian Fisheries Management Authority (AFMA)

9. Bauxite, iron ore, lead, zinc, silver, uranium, industrial diamonds and mineral sands

10. Australia’s mineral reserves are increasing because we have larger product demand from other major countries.

11. Australia’s forest resources expand for vast distances, for example the total land area of Australia is 789 million hectares and 20 million people live in it. 21% of all Australia is forest land (164.4 million hectares). This means 8.2 hectares for each person. Australia’s major exports are japan and New Zealand. Japan has a total 38% of our exports and New Zealand has 19%

12. Uranium is the most valuable resource because when you split a uranium atom it releases a huge amount of energy.

13. World Heritage sites are valuable resources because they are great resources on a national and global scale.

14. I think it impacts a lot as they are destroying the land

15. the location of the Australia fishing grounds is all around Australia

16. a) they are mostly up in the Northern Territory

      b) Radium Hill

      c) Ranger

17.  

Japan Earthquakes

Where was the epicentre of

the earthquake?

The epicentre was located in Shizuoka prefecture, about 75 miles southwest of the capital, and near Mount Fuji, in an area prone to earthquakes.

What was the size of the earthquake?

8.6

What are some of the areas most affected? Describe the devastation and include an image.

Fukanato. The devastation was extremely devastating.

Describe the impending man-made disaster: what, where , why?

Nuclear power plant, man created the nuclear reactor and wasn't prepared for something like this and makes it a man made

1.7

1. Because it is an isolated continent

2. The stability of the continent

3. Species that are found nowhere else in the world

4. 89%

5. The Great Barrier Reef and the Tropical Rainforest

6. The Tropical Rainforest

7. pouched mammals – koalas

8. egg laying mammals – duck billed platypus

9. wallabies are smaller than kangaroos and prefer more rugged terrain

10. the duck billed platypus’ back feet are webbed and have curved claws to help them swim. The female platypus lays 2-3 eggs in her burrow. These eggs have rubbery shells like reptile eggs. If the platypus wants to reveal its claws for digging its webbing will fold back. There spurs on the male become poisonous in breeding season. The platypus is the only venomous furred animal. The front feet have large webs of skin to help propel through water. It has a low body temperature of 32 degrees Celsius reduces loss of heat in the water. About 50cm long, weighs 1-2kg. male is larger than female. 

1.5

1. Australia has western plateau, the central lowlands and the eastern highlands

2. The Australian Alps stretch from the Brindabella Range north of Canberra to the Baw Baw Range east of Melbourne.

3. The Australia Alps are rounded in shape because it has been subjected to erosion and weathering over millions of years.

4. Uluru is located 335 kilometers south-west of Alice Springs

5. Uluru is a massive rock composed of red arkose, a coarse sandstone, that stands over 340 meters above the

surrounding plans.

6. Uluru appears to change colour due to the way in which the sun's rays pass through the atmosphere.

7. A drainage basin is an area of land that is drained by a river and its tributaries.

8. The largest drainage basins in Australia are the Murray– Darling Basin and the Lake Eyre Basin

9. Murry River, Murrumbidgee River, Darling River

10. The Lake Eyre Basin water disappears in the Simpson Desert through evaporation.

11. It only flows a few days in a year.

12. The Franklin River flows from the Cheyne Range to the Gordon River in what is now the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage area. The river has become synonymous with conservation in Australia ever since the ‘Battle to Save the Franklin’ rescued it from damming for hydro-electric power in the 1980s.

13. The ruling was that saved the Franklin River was the ruling that stated that is was a landmark therefore making it a ruling both environmentally and constitutionally.

14. The Murray–Darling Basin Authority is preparing a plan which has been carefully thought out and they should maintain control over it. In this plan they want to limits on the amount of water (both surface water and groundwater) that can be taken from Basin water resources on a sustainable basis, identification of risks to Basin water resources, such as climate change, and strategies to manage those risks and an environmental watering plan to optimise environmental outcomes for the Basin. Therefore, the MDBA should maintain control because they have this plan which is in the best interest of the Basin.

15. a)  There are three major physical regions in Australia which include: the Western Plateau, the Central Lowlands and the Eastern Highlands. The Western Plateau is a low, flat area that has been eroded over a period of millions of years. The Central Lowlands are very dry because rainfall is blocked by the Eastern Highlands. The Simpson Desert, which extends for 170 000 square kilometres (km2), is in the Central Lowlands. This desert is famous for its large red sand dunes which run north-to-south. The Eastern Highlands region of Australia is the highest part of Australia, being a series of hills, mountains and plateaux. This area is also known as the Great Dividing Range, which is further subdivided into smaller ranges.

b) An example of each of the major Australian physical regions are: Western Plateau has Lake Carnegie, the Musgrave Ranges and the Gibson Desert, Central Lowlands has the Simpson Desert and Eastern Highlands has Mount Kosciuszko.

c) Mount Woodrotte is the highest point between Shark Bay and Maroochydore and the lowest point is Lake Eyre.

d)Bungle Bungle range,  Musgravel Ranges and the highest range in the Tanami desert is also bungle bungle range.

16. a) iii, iv and v
b) around 1000km
c) Cooper Creek
d) Sturt Stoney Desert
e) North West

1.6

1. Climate is the weather pattern of weather that is expected in a particular place and weather is much more short term.

2. Depending where you are on the world it effects how hot it is. Closer to the equator, hotter it is.

3. In winter the winds travel from the west to the east so more high pressure and in summer the winds travel from the east to the west for high pressure.

4.  Currents from nearer the poles bring cooler conditions and those from near the equator bring warmer conditions

5. Temperature decreases with height. Moist air that is forced to rise by mountains cools, and the water vapour condenses, producing increased cloud cover and precipitation, highland areas are cooler and wetter than lowland areas

6. a) You know when to plan what crops

    b) You know what clothes to bring

7. The more Australia rains the more crops they will plant and also the temperature

9 a) Alice Springs

   b) Alice Springs

CAMIL - POLAND

sydney yearly temperature averages

Poland, New York yearly average temperatures

Sydney yearly rainfall averages

POLAND NEW YORK average yearly rainfall

camil when you come to Australia you need to remember to bring your summer clothes as currently it is an average of 25 degrees where as for you it is about zero. i don't mean thought that you should forget your warm jackets because it is autumn and about to be winter. Sydney is not as cold as it is in Poland but it is still cold. the rainfall in Australia for when you are staying will go from is 2, 4.5cm so don't forget to bring your rain jacket. you have consistent rainfall averaging from 4-3cm 

you will be going to thredbo too, so bring your snow gear cause we will be going skiing.

New Zealand, Christchurch Earthquakes

1. Summarize the major points of interest about the earthquake in NZ including relevant photos and/or videos.
       a. what caused the quake....geographical perspective

There are two main causes of earthquakes. Firstly, they can be linked to explosive volcanic eruptions; they are in fact very common in areas of volcanic activity where they either proceed or accompany eruptions. Secondly, they can be triggered by Tectonic activity associated with plate margins and faults. The majority of earthquakes worldwide are of this type. Oceanic and the pacific plates were the ones that where under New Zealand.

       b. where - epicentre and effected areas

Just outside Christchurch and the most major city that was affected is Christchurch

       c. casualties

The prime minister said there are 114 people dead and 150-300 people missing
       d. major damage

The most significant damage was all the buildings falling down but most importantly the Christchurch cathedral. It was built in 1880 and it now no longer stands the way it used to. Many houses have been destroyed.

       e. current concerns

The people trapped in rubble and buildings and also the fires and aftershocks and all the damage, pretty much everything that happened to the houses and people and what’s going to happen next is what we are all concerned about. Also there is dust in the air, flooding and gas leaks
       f. Give a paragraph about your reactions to the events.

My reaction on this terrible event is that I hope all the people are all alright and all the missing people will be found. Also hopefully all the houses and buildings will be reconstructed and this event can be just something from the past.

1.4

1. The movement of the earth’s continents

2. Tectonic forces

3. Gondwana

4. About 750 million years ago

5. South America, Africa, India, Antarctica and Australia

6. About 5 cm per year

7. Less than 1 million years

8. Water

9. The study of the evolution and configuration of landforms

10. Someone who studies the form of the land.

Year 9: Australia's Large Coastline

the advantages of Australia having a long coastline and large EEZ is that:

1. attracts tourism because it seems like a distant land
2. beautiful beaches
3. waterfront views
4. offshore winds - keeps the suburbs cool
5. more cliffs

the disadvantages of Australia having a long coastline and large EEZ is that:

1. storms
2. too many tourists
3. cyclones
4. salty winds corroding cars and windows
5. open enemy lines